Mitigating Psychological Impacts of Quarantine During Pandemics: A Mini Review

BM Zeeshan Hameed; Mohammad Mirahmadi Eraghi; Mohammed Kamal Filli; Sambit Dash; Sufyan Ibrahim; Mrudula Chandrika; Sharmila Jajodia

doi:10.57159/gadl.jcmm.2.2.23043

Authors

BM Zeeshan Hameed iTRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-oncology and Endourology) Group, Manipal, Karnataka, India 576104; Department of Urology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India 575002 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2904-351X
Mohammad Mirahmadi Eraghi School of Medicine, Qeshm International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4799-7229
Mohammed Kamal Filli College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 11533
Sambit Dash Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India 576104 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9086-654X
Sufyan Ibrahim Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA 55905 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9127-2738
Mrudula Chandrika Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India 576104
Sharmila Jajodia Department of English, Ramniranjan Jhunjhunwala College (Autonomous), University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India 400086 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-6149

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.57159/gadl.jcmm.2.2.23043

Keywords:

Pandemic, Psychological crisis intervention, Public mental health crisis, Quarantine, Emergency strategies

Abstract

The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), originating in Wuhan, China in December 2019, quickly escalated into a global health crisis, infecting individuals across all strata of society. Declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, this unprecedented emergency prompted governments worldwide to implement strict lockdowns and quarantine measures. The sudden onset of these procedures has had significant psychological effects on individuals and communities. This paper reviews the psychological impacts of prolonged quarantine and discusses adaptive stress-coping strategies to mitigate these effects. Our goal is to highlight effective approaches to manage mental health amidst such crises, aiming to provide guidance for future public health emergencies.

References

A. J. Smit, J. M. Fitchett, F. A. Engelbrecht, R. J. Scholes, G. Dzhivhuho, and N. A. Sweijd, “Winter Is Coming: A Southern Hemisphere Perspective of the Environmental Drivers of SARS-CoV-2 and the Potential Seasonality of COVID-19,” Interna- tional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, p. 5634, aug 2020.

K. Sivaraman, A. Chopra, A. Narayana, and R. A. Radhakrishnan, “A five-step risk management process for geriatric dental practice during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic,” Gerodontology, vol. 38, pp. 17–26, mar 2021.

D. Izaguirre-Torres and R. Siche, “Covid-19 disease will cause a global catastrophe in terms of mental health: A hypothesis,” Medical Hypotheses, vol. 143, p. 109846, oct 2020.

S. Khan, R. Siddique, H. Li, A. Ali, M. A. Shereen, N. Bashir, and M. Xue, “Impact of coronavirus outbreak on psychological health,” Journal of Global Health, vol. 10, jun 2020.

D. Vigo, S. Patten, K. Pajer, M. Krausz, S. Taylor, B. Rush, G. Raviola, S. Saxena, G. Thornicroft, and L. N. Yatham, “Mental Health of Communities during the COVID-19 Pandemic,” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 65, pp. 681–687, oct 2020.

M.-E. Manuell and J. Cukor, “Mother Nature versus human nature: public compliance with evacuation and quarantine,” Dis- asters, vol. 35, pp. 417–442, apr 2011.

M. M. Hossain, A. Sultana, and N. Purohit, “Mental Health Outcomes of Quarantine and Isolation for Infection Prevention: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Global Evidence,” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020.

K. L. S. Newman, “Shutt Up: Bubonic Plague and Quarantine in Early Modern England,” Journal of Social History, vol. 45, pp. 809–834, mar 2012.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Social distancing, quarantine, and isolation,” 2020.

World Health Organization, “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): situation report,” 2020.

D. Barbisch, K. L. Koenig, and F.-Y. Shih, “Is There a Case for Quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola,” Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, vol. 9, pp. 547–553, oct 2015.

G. J. Rubin and S. Wessely, “The psychological effects of quarantining a city,” BMJ, vol. 368, p. m313, jan 2020.

S. K. Brooks, R. K. Webster, L. E. Smith, L. Woodland, S. Wessely, N. Greenberg, and G. J. Rubin, “The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence,” The Lancet, vol. 395, pp. 912–920, mar 2020.

A. C. Tricco, E. V. Langlois, and S. E. Straus, Rapid Reviews to Strengthen Health Policy: A Practical Guide. No. September, World Health Organization, 2017.

H. Jeong, H. W. Yim, Y.-J. Song, M. Ki, J.-A. Min, J. Cho, and J.-H. Chae, “Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome,” Epidemiology and Health, vol. 38, p. e2016048, nov 2016.

Y. Bai, C.-C. Lin, C.-Y. Lin, J.-Y. Chen, C.-M. Chue, and P. Chou, “Survey of Stress Reactions Among Health Care Workers Involved With the SARS Outbreak,” Psychiatric Services, vol. 55, pp. 1055–1057, sep 2004.

W. Cullen, G. Gulati, and B. Kelly, “Mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic,” QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, vol. 113, no. 5, pp. 311–312, 2020.

R. J. Blendon, J. M. Benson, C. M. DesRoches, E. Raleigh, and K. Taylor-Clark, “The Public’s Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Toronto and the United States,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 38, pp. 925–931, apr 2004.

M. A. Cava, K. E. Fay, H. J. Beanlands, E. A. McCay, and R. Wignall, “The Experience of Quarantine for Individuals Affected by SARS in Toronto,” Public Health Nursing, vol. 22, pp. 398–406, sep 2005.

C. DiGiovanni, J. Conley, D. Chiu, and J. Zaborski, “Factors Influencing Compliance with Quarantine in Toronto During the 2003 SARS Outbreak,” Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, vol. 2, pp. 265–272, dec 2004.

G. Caleo, J. Duncombe, F. Jephcott, K. Lokuge, C. Mills, E. Looijen, F. Theoharaki, R. Kremer, K. Kleijer, J. Squire, M. Lamin, B. Stringer, H. A. Weiss, D. Culli, G. L. Di Tanna, and J. Greig, “The factors affecting household transmission dynamics and community compliance with Ebola control measures: a mixed-methods study in a rural village in Sierra Leone,” BMC Public Health, vol. 18, p. 248, dec 2018.

A. Desclaux, D. Badji, A. G. Ndione, and K. Sow, “Accepted monitoring or endured quarantine? Ebola contacts’ perceptions in Senegal,” Social Science & Medicine, vol. 178, pp. 38–45, apr 2017.

P. J. D. Pan, S.-H. Chang, and Y.-Y. Yu, “A Support Group for Home-Quarantined College Students Exposed to SARS: Learning from Practice,” The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, vol. 30, pp. 363–374, dec 2005.

Y. Wang, B. Xu, G. Zhao, R. Cao, X. He, and S. Fu, “Is quarantine related to immediate negative psychological consequences during the 2009 H1N1 epidemic?,” General Hospital Psychiatry, vol. 33, pp. 75–77, jan 2011.

A. Braunack-Mayer, R. Tooher, J. E. Collins, J. M. Street, and H. Marshall, “Understanding the school community’s response to school closures during the H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic,” BMC Public Health, vol. 13, p. 344, dec 2013.

L. Hawryluck, W. L. Gold, S. Robinson, S. Pogorski, S. Galea, and R. Styra, “SARS Control and Psychological Effects of Quarantine, Toronto, Canada,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 10, pp. 1206–1212, jul 2004.

G. Sprang and M. Silman, “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Parents and Youth After Health-Related Disasters,” Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, vol. 7, pp. 105–110, feb 2013.

P. Wu, Y. Fang, Z. Guan, B. Fan, J. Kong, Z. Yao, X. Liu, C. J. Fuller, E. Susser, J. Lu, and C. W. Hoven, “The Psychological Impact of the SARS Epidemic on Hospital Employees in China: Exposure, Risk Perception, and Altruistic Acceptance of Risk,” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 54, pp. 302–311, may 2009.

L. Cluver, J. M. Lachman, L. Sherr, I. Wessels, E. Krug, S. Rakotomalala, S. Blight, S. Hillis, G. Bachman, O. Green,

A. Butchart, M. Tomlinson, C. L. Ward, J. Doubt, and K. McDonald, “Parenting in a time of COVID-19,” The Lancet, vol. 395, p. e64, apr 2020.

S. S. Johal, “Psychosocial impacts of quarantine during disease outbreaks and interventions that may help to relieve strain.,” The New Zealand medical journal, vol. 122, pp. 47–52, jun 2009.

J. Patel and P. Patel, “Covid-19 Pandemic: Mental Dynamics of Quarantine and Social Isolation,” Journal of Behavior Therapy and Mental Health, vol. 2, pp. 15–21, aug 2020.

S. Lee, L. Y. Chan, A. M. Chau, K. P. Kwok, and A. Kleinman, “The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens,” Social Science & Medicine, vol. 61, pp. 2038–2046, nov 2005.

X. Liu, M. Kakade, C. J. Fuller, B. Fan, Y. Fang, J. Kong, Z. Guan, and P. Wu, “Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic,” Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol. 53, pp. 15–23, jan 2012.

Z. Marjanovic, E. R. Greenglass, and S. Coffey, “The relevance of psychosocial variables and working conditions in predicting nurses’ coping strategies during the SARS crisis: An online questionnaire survey,” International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 44, pp. 991–998, aug 2007.

R. Maunder, J. Hunter, L. Vincent, J. Bennett, N. Peladeau, M. Leszcz, J. Sadavoy, L. M. Verhaeghe, R. Steinberg, and T. Mazzulli, “The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital.,” CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne, vol. 168, pp. 1245–51, may 2003.

M. Mihashi, Y. Otsubo, X. Yinjuan, K. Nagatomi, M. Hoshiko, and T. Ishitake, “Predictive factors of psychological disorder development during recovery following SARS outbreak.,” Health Psychology, vol. 28, pp. 91–100, jan 2009.

D. L. Reynolds, J. R. Garay, S. L. Deamond, M. K. Moran, W. Gold, and R. Styra, “Understanding, complianceand psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience,” Epidemiology and Infection, vol. 136, pp. 997–1007, jul 2008.

A. G. Rundle, Y. Park, J. B. Herbstman, E. W. Kinsey, and Y. C. Wang, “COVID-19–Related School Closings and Risk of Weight Gain Among Children,” Obesity, vol. 28, pp. 1008–1009, jun 2020.

M. Wester and J. Giesecke, “Ebola and healthcare worker stigma,” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, vol. 47, pp. 99–104, mar 2019.

K. Chatterjee, K. Chatterjee, A. Kumar, and S. Shankar, “Healthcare impact of COVID-19 epidemic in India: A stochastic mathematical model,” Medical Journal Armed Forces India, vol. 76, pp. 147–155, apr 2020.